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Indian Classical Music Heritage

Classical Raagas

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In Indian classical music, a Raaga is an acoustic framework designed to "color the mind" and evoke deep emotional states (Rasa). Explore structural grammar, swara scales, signature pakad phrases, and step-by-step flute guides.

23

Core Classical Raags

23

Full Flute Guides

3

Skill Level Tiers

22

Microtonal Shrutis

Mastering Raga Theory & Pillars

Select a pillar below to explore structural rules, microtones, time cycles, and emotional rasa.

Scale Grammar & Direction

  • Aroha & Avroha: The linear path ascending up the scale and descending down. Paths can be straight or Vakra (zig-zag).
  • Varjit Swaras: Strictly prohibited notes. Omitting a single note transforms the entire scale and character.

Key Notes & Signature Phrase

  • Vadi (King Note) & Samvadi (Queen Note): The sonic center of gravity held longest, anchored usually a 4th or 5th interval apart.
  • Pakad (Signature Phrase): The iconic note sequence that instantly reveals the Raaga's identity to listeners.
SHOWING 23 CLASSICAL RAAGAS

Raag Bhupali (Bhoop)

First quarter of the night (7 PM - 10 PM)Mood: Devotional, peaceful (Shanta, Bhakti)
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReGaPaDhaSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′DhaPaGaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ga
Samvadi (Queen Note)Dha
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ga Re Sa, Dha(lower) Sa, Re Ga, Pa Ga, Dha Pa Ga, Re Sa"

Pentatonic Audav-Audav scale omitting Ma and Ni from Kalyan Thaat; the foundational melodic framework for breath control, structural phrases, and clear Sa-Re-Ga-Pa-Dha transitions.

Raag Durga

Late Evening (9 PM - 12 AM)Mood: Heroic, Peaceful, Auspicious (Veera, Shanta)
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReMaPaDhaSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′DhaPaMaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ma
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Dha(lower) Ma(lower) Re, Pa Dha Sa', Dha Pa Ma Re, Dha(lower) Sa"

Auspicious Bilawal Thaat pentatonic scale omitting Ga and Ni; builds crisp, clean finger transitions, noble phrasing, and serene melodies.

Raag Yaman

First quarter of the night (6 PM - 9 PM)Mood: Devotional, Romantic, Serene (Shringara, Shanta)
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
Ni↓ReGaMa♯DhaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDhaPaMa♯GaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ga
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ni
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ni(lower) Re Ga, Re Sa, Pa Ma(tivra) Ga, Re Sa"

Definitive evening Kalyan Thaat raga utilizing Teevra Ma; the essential foundation for mastering Indian classical microtones, meend glides, and classical improvisation.

Raag Hamsadhwani

Early Night (6 PM - 9 PM)Mood: Joyful, Devotional, Bright, Auspicious
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReGaPaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiPaGaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ga
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ni
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Sa Re Ga, Pa Ni, Pa Ga, Re Sa"

Joyful and auspicious pentatonic scale from Bilawal Thaat omitting Ma and Dha; renowned for swan-like grace, uplifting energy, and prayer compositions.

Raag Bilawal

Morning (9 AM - 12 PM)Mood: Joyful, Awakening, Devotional
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReGaMaPaDhaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDhaPaMaGaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Dha
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ga
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ga Re, Ga Ma Pa, Ma Ga, Ma Re Sa"

The primary natural scale using all Shuddha swaras; the standard Indian equivalent to the Western Major scale, cultivating pitch accuracy and finger agility.

Raag Brindavani Sarang

Midday (12 PM - 3 PM)Mood: Peaceful, Refreshing, Devotional
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReMaPaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭PaMaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Re
Samvadi (Queen Note)Pa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Re Ma Pa, Ni(komal) Pa, Ma Re, Sa"

Serene pentatonic midday raga from Kafi Thaat omitting Ga and Dha; uses Shuddha Ni in ascent and Komal Ni in descent, evoking a breezy Vrindavan atmosphere.

Raag Shivranjani

Midnight or AnytimeMood: Yearning, Pathos, Melancholic Love (Karuna)
Beginner
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReGa♭PaDhaSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′DhaPaGa♭ReSa
Vadi (King Note)Pa
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Sa Re Ga(komal) Pa, Dha Pa Ga(komal) Re, Sa Dha(lower) Sa"

Deeply emotional pentatonic scale utilizing Komal Ga with Shuddha Re, Pa, and Dha; famous for poignant, heart-touching semi-classical and folk flute melodies.

Raag Desh

Second quarter of the night (9 PM - 12 AM)Mood: Devotional, Romantic, Rainy (Shringara)
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReMaPaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDhaPaMaGaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Re
Samvadi (Queen Note)Pa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Re Ma Pa Ni Sa', Re' Ni Dha Pa, Ma Ga Re, Sa"

Admired Khamaj Thaat melody known for lyrical beauty and patriotic compositions; uses Shuddha Ni in ascent and Komal Ni in descent with signature Re-Ma-Pa-Ni-Sa' phrases.

Raag Kafi

Late Evening (9 PM - 12 AM)Mood: Joyful, Celebratory, Romantic
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReGa♭MaPaDhaNi♭Sa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭DhaPaMaGa♭ReSa
Vadi (King Note)Pa
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Re Pa, Ma Ga(komal) Re, Sa, Ni(komal)(lower) Sa"

Foundational scale of Kafi Thaat using Komal Ga and Komal Ni; the rich melodic root of Holi, folk, and light-classical thumri traditions.

Raag Bhimpalasi

Late Afternoon (3 PM - 6 PM)Mood: Peaceful, Devotional, Yearning
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
Ni♭↓SaGa♭MaPaNi♭Sa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭DhaPaMaGa♭ReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ma
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ni(komal)(lower) Sa Ga(komal) Ma, Pa Ma, Ga(komal) Re Sa"

Peaceful late afternoon raga from Kafi Thaat emphasizing Komal Ga and Komal Ni with Ma as the soul-stirring Vadi center.

Raag Bageshree

Late Night (12 AM - 3 AM)Mood: Romantic, Yearning, Introspective
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaGa♭MaDhaNi♭Sa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭DhaMaPaDhaGa♭MaGa♭ReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ma
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Dha(lower) Ni(komal)(lower) Sa, Ma, Ga(komal) Re Sa"

Intensely romantic late-night raga from Kafi Thaat featuring Komal Ga and Komal Ni; characterized by poignant vakra phrases around Madhyam.

Raag Bhairav

Early Morning / Dawn (4 AM - 7 AM)Mood: Meditative, Solemn, Devotional (Shanta)
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaRe♭GaMaPaDha♭NiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDha♭PaMaGaRe♭Sa
Vadi (King Note)Dha(komal)
Samvadi (Queen Note)Re(komal)
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ga Ma Dha(komal) Dha(komal) Pa, Ga Ma Re(komal) Re(komal) Sa"

Regal dawn scale of Bhairav Thaat with oscillating Komal Re and Komal Dha; evokes meditative stillness, spiritual gravity, and morning tranquility.

Raag Khamaj

Second quarter of the night (9 PM - 12 AM)Mood: Romantic, Playful, Devotional (Shringara)
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaGaMaPaDhaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭DhaPaMaGaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ga
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ni
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ga Ma Pa Dha Ma Ga, Re Sa, Ni(komal)(lower) Dha(lower) Pa(lower), Ma(lower) Ga(lower) Re(lower) Sa"

Playful and lyrical night raga from Khamaj Thaat using Shuddha Ni in ascent and Komal Ni in descent; beloved in semi-classical bansuri music.

Raag Bihag

Second quarter of the night (9 PM - 12 AM)Mood: Romantic, Peaceful, Contemplative
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
Ni↓SaGaMaPaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDhaPaMa♯PaGaMaGaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Ga
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ni
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Pa Ma(tivra) Pa Ga Ma Ga, Re Sa"

Sweet and majestic Bilawal Thaat night raga utilizing both Shuddha Ma and Teevra Ma in subtle descent, highlighting Ga and Ni.

Raag Malkauns

Midnight (12 AM - 3 AM)Mood: Meditative, Majestic, Deep (Veera, Shanta)
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaGa♭MaDha♭Ni♭Sa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭Dha♭MaGa♭Sa
Vadi (King Note)Ma
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ga(komal) Ma Dha(komal) Ma, Ga(komal) Ma Ga(komal) Sa"

Ancient, majestic pentatonic midnight raga from Bhairavi Thaat omitting Re and Pa; requires mastery of Komal Ga, Komal Dha, and Komal Ni with deep gamak.

Raag Pahadi

Anytime / EveningMood: Joyful, Folk, Romantic, Breezy
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReGaPaDhaSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′DhaPaGaReSaNi↓Dha↓Pa↓Dha↓Sa
Vadi (King Note)Pa
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Dha(lower) Pa(lower) Dha(lower) Sa, Re Ga, Pa Ga Re Sa"

Folk-classical Himalayan raga based on Bilawal Thaat with graceful touches of Komal Ga and Komal Ni; evokes serene valleys and mountain streams.

Raag Tilang

Night (9 PM - 12 AM)Mood: Sweet, Tender, Devotional
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaGaMaPaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭PaMaGaSa
Vadi (King Note)Ga
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ni
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ga Ma Pa Ni Sa', Ni(komal) Pa Ma Ga Sa"

Audav-Audav pentatonic raga from Khamaj Thaat omitting Re and Dha; employs Shuddha Ni in ascent and Komal Ni in descent for a sweet, graceful ambiance.

Raag Jaunpuri

Late Morning (9 AM - 12 PM)Mood: Introspective, Tender Melancholy, Devotional
Intermediate
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaReMaPaDha♭Ni♭Sa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭Dha♭PaMaGa♭ReSa
Vadi (King Note)Dha(komal)
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ga(komal)
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ma Pa Dha(komal) Ma Pa, Ma Ga(komal) Re Ma, Ga(komal) Re Sa"

Expressive Asavari Thaat raga with Komal Ga, Komal Dha, and Komal Ni; features intricate vakra meends and poignant descending contours.

Raag Marwa

Sunset / Sandhiprakash (6 PM - 8 PM)Mood: Mystical, Uneasy, Contemplative (Vairagya)
Advanced
Aaroh (Ascent)
Ni↓Re♭GaMa♯DhaNiDhaSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDhaMa♯GaRe♭Sa
Vadi (King Note)Dha
Samvadi (Queen Note)Re(komal)
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Dha Ma(tivra) Ga Re(komal), Ni(lower) Dha(lower) Sa"

Mystical twilight scale of Marwa Thaat omitting Pancham (Pa) and featuring Komal Re with Teevra Ma; creates intense philosophical tension.

Raag Jog

Midnight (12 AM - 3 AM)Mood: Hypnotic, Meditative, Yogic (Gambhir)
Advanced
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaGaMaPaNi♭Sa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭PaMaGa♭SaGaMaGa♭Sa
Vadi (King Note)Ma
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Sa Ga Ma Pa, Ma Ga(komal) Sa, Ga Ma Ga(komal) Sa"

Hypnotic midnight raga utilizing both Shuddha Ga and Komal Ga with Teevra/Shuddha Ma nuances; Omits Re and Dha to craft a transcendent mood.

Raag Todi (Miyan Ki Todi)

Morning (7 AM - 10 AM)Mood: Profound Devotion, Pathos, Reverence (Karuna, Bhakti)
Advanced
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaRe♭Ga♭Ma♯PaDha♭NiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDha♭PaMa♯Ga♭Re♭Sa
Vadi (King Note)Dha(komal)
Samvadi (Queen Note)Ga(komal)
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Re(komal) Ga(komal) Re(komal) Sa, Ma(tivra) Dha(komal) Pa, Ma(tivra) Ga(komal) Re(komal) Ga(komal) Re(komal) Sa"

Sovereign morning raga of Todi Thaat featuring Komal Re, Komal Ga, Teevra Ma, and Komal Dha; requires precise microtonal shruti intonation and andolan.

Raag Multani

Late Afternoon (1 PM - 4 PM)Mood: Ascetic, Contemplative, Intense
Advanced
Aaroh (Ascent)
Ni↓SaGa♭Ma♯PaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′NiDha♭PaMa♯Ga♭Re♭Sa
Vadi (King Note)Pa
Samvadi (Queen Note)Sa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Ni(lower) Sa Ga(komal) Ma(tivra) Pa, Ma(tivra) Ga(komal) Re(komal) Sa"

Intense afternoon raga from Todi Thaat with Komal Re, Komal Ga, Teevra Ma, and Komal Dha, but with distinct midday ascents and Pa-emphasis.

Raag Miyan Ki Malhar

Midnight or Monsoon Season (Rainy)Mood: Solemn, Rain-evoking, Majestic (Megh Gambhira)
Advanced
Aaroh (Ascent)
SaRePaMaPaNi♭DhaNiSa′
Avroh (Descent)
Sa′Ni♭DhaPaMaPaGa♭MaReSa
Vadi (King Note)Sa
Samvadi (Queen Note)Pa
Pakad (Catchphrase)"Re Pa, Ma Pa, Ga(komal) Ma Re, Sa"

Monsoon master raga created by Miyan Tansen; features Komal Ga with signature oscillations, two Nishads (Shuddha & Komal), and undulating Re-Pa leaps.

Author

About the Author

Written and practice-tested by Aplut, a self-taught bansuri learner practising since 2022. Content is built on direct practice experience and careful research into classical traditions. Because musical lineages and fingering conventions vary, suggestions and corrections are always welcomed via our contact page or at [email protected]. First-hand instrument experience is identified clearly whenever gear is reviewed.